The Japanese encephalitis vaccine is advised for individuals relocating to a country where Japanese encephalitis is endemic, those staying in such areas for extended periods (e.g., one month or more), and frequent travellers to these regions.

Symptoms often resolve on their own, but in some cases, the infection can spread to the brain and lead to more severe symptoms, including intense headache, confusion, and paralysis affecting various parts of the body.

Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus that is mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. The Japanese encephalitis virus is sustained in the environment through a cycle between mosquitoes and animals, such as wading birds and pigs.

• Residents: Individuals living in rural areas where Japanese encephalitis is endemic.
• Expatriates and Long-Term Travelers: Those who have prolonged exposure to rural endemic regions.
• Travellers: People visiting areas with irrigation flooding who spend nights outdoors without mosquito protection, such as camping or trekking.

The primary target of the Japanese encephalitis virus is the brain, where it causes infection and inflammation of brain tissues. This leads to increased activation of microglial cells, which can have toxic effects on the entire central nervous system.

Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, encephalitis still results in death for approximately 10% of patients. Those who survive severe cases may experience long-term issues, including fatigue, irritability, impaired concentration, seizures, hearing loss, memory loss, and blindness.

People with encephalitis often exhibit mild flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, headache, or body aches. However, some individuals may not show any symptoms. In more severe cases, symptoms may include speech or hearing difficulties.

Diagnosis:

• Brain Imaging: MRI or CT scans can identify brain swelling or other conditions, such as tumors, that might be causing symptoms.
• Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture): This procedure collects cerebrospinal fluid for analysis to help diagnose encephalitis.
• Other Lab Tests: Various tests may be conducted to identify the infection or underlying causes.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): This test measures electrical activity in the brain to detect abnormalities.
• Body Imaging: Additional imaging may be used to assess other areas of the body if needed.
• Brain Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to obtain a tissue sample for closer examination.

Dos:

• Get Vaccinated: Ensure you receive the Japanese encephalitis vaccine if you are travelling to or living in endemic areas.
• Use Mosquito Repellents: Apply insect repellent containing DEET to reduce mosquito bites.
• Wear Protective Clothing: Wear long sleeves, long pants, and socks to minimize exposure to mosquitoes.
• Use Mosquito Nets: Sleep under a mosquito net, especially when staying in rural or outdoor areas.
• Avoid Outdoor Activities During Peak Mosquito Hours: Mosquitoes that spread Japanese encephalitis are most active during dawn and dusk.

Don’ts:

• Don’t Skip Vaccination: Avoid traveling to high-risk areas without getting vaccinated.
• Don’t Rely Solely on Repellents: Repellents should be used in conjunction with other preventive measures, not as a sole method.
• Don’t Ignore Symptoms: Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of encephalitis, such as severe headache or confusion.
• Don’t Overlook Mosquito Bite Prevention: Even if you are vaccinated, continue to use protective measures to reduce the risk of mosquito bites.

No matter your destination, the Care Pharmacy Travel Clinic in Leeds and Bradford is committed to ensuring your safety and protection throughout your journey.